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COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC INFORMATION DIVISION OF FOUR MINUTE MEN September 24, 1917. Bulletin No. 16. MINUTE MEN 10 JACKSON PLACE WASHINGTON, D. C. "ONWARD TO VICTORY." Progress of our nation during the first six months of war. For use from September 24, 1917 until further advised. TO ALL POUR MINUTE MEN: As the topic from September 24 until further advised, your central committee has chosen the general theme of America's progress in war preparation. Many times we have wished that we could have each and every one of our Four Minute speakers come to us at the National Capital if only for a few hours' visit; so that you may see the work as it is really "being done; examining first hand the many departmental organizations, systems, and new machinery. Above all I hope you will one of these days come in contact here at headquarters with some of the hundreds and thousands of other earnest workers who, like you in your local work, are devoting themselves with deepest earnestness and quiet zeal to the cause of the country. Every defect is naturally made the subject of comment, while the huge stream of effort running smoothly and gaining momentum daily gets the lesser attention. To call attention to this 99 per cent of efficient effort is the purpose of this bulletin. To arouse public enthusiasm for the organizing power of the American people and to instill faith in the progress we are making, should be during this next period the purpose of each four-minute speech. A Four Minute Speaker appears before the public as an authorized representative of the Government. Each of us should therefore adhere to the subjects and to the manner of approach of these subjects as outlined in the "Budget of Material." Select from the budget that material which is backed by your strongest convictions; then your presentation will be all the more forceful. Extraneous comments, however, gratuitous adjectives and epithets, personal viewpoints of speakers supplementary to those here given, should not be expressed on an occasion when the speaker is publicly announced as a Government representative. Pour Minutes means four minutes, not eight minutes nor five minutes. We suggest that you delay your appearance on the stage until the public has had ample time to read the slide. Then step up. Do not try to read any part of your speech. Plunge into your subject, state in simple language a few salient facts and conclude with a brief and powerful yet not overly dramatic peroration--all in four minutes. wm. Mccormick blair, Director. 123781 2 BUDGET OF MATERIAL. OUTLINE. I. Introduction.Despite flaws the outstanding fact is the wonderful speed with which the American people have organized themselves for war. II. The Army trained more than 27,000 officers in the first officers' camp; has built 16 wonderful cantonments. III. (a) The Navy, now completely manned, is guarding our entire coast. (6) The Shipping Board has started to build the greatest merchant marine in history. IV. The railroads have organized a war board to carry out the most colossal railroad plans ever conceived. V. Other governmental activities.The Red Cross; Food Conservation, Price Control, etc. VI. Effects of huge expenditure. No big war profits. Money kept at home. VII. Conclusion.Popular government is proving more efficient than autocracy. 1. INTRODUCTION. Never before in the history of the world has a nation built up new organizations with such astounding rapidity as the United States of America this year since war was declared. In six months we have shown that the ability to crystalize and develop cooperationin short, the faculty called by business men "executive ability"can be applied to military needs by men trained in the arts of peace as quickly, more quickly, perhaps, in the hour of need than by nations whose study has been war. In that sense, therefore, the period of six months just passed at Washington is not merely historical; it is epochal. No doubt you have read a good deal and heard more of this and that going wrong. All can not run smoothly when the life of a nation is suddenly transformed. Business firms peacefully changing their location or concerns switching from one line of trade to another always are subject to more or less confusion. And occasionally there are men within a large business whose views disagree when faced suddenly by questions for which there are no precedents. But, on the whole, in this national crisis, despite defects, we may say frankly and without boasting that the outstanding fact after six months is America's stupendous progress. Think of it! The country immersed in peace, save for one brief period, throughout nearly 50 years! A man of peace in the presidential chair, a man of patience, whose every effort was to keep us honorably out of war, to keep us away even from thoughts of war. And then, without warning, after repeated assurances to the contrary, comes the announcement of the German Government that all promises are "off," and that not only neutrals on enemy ships, but also unarmed, unoffending neutral ships themselves, ships with American women and children aboard, would be sunk on the high seas deliberately, without warning. It meant war, of course. What else could this mean? Hence, suddenly, in April the work of war preparation began. Money was quickly voted; but there remained the bigger task of building new enterprises, laying the systems and shaping the policies, and the still bigger task of finding the new men for the new positions. Those of us who have seen new business enterprises organized may have a faint idea of the problems that confronted our Government. You have seen factories organized; a few months pass, and a building is up; but years and years go by before the inner workings of that factory are shaped into a great harmonious whole. Railroads have been begun, the rails all laid, but generations of men have passed before some of these railroad enterprises grew into the smooth working organizations you see to-day. In this war preparation years could not wait. Speed was the watchword. Patriotism was the inspiration. True, indeed, many flaws were found. Old systems built on peace activities conflicted with systems that the new order had forced. Men in office found themselves alongside of new men in new offices, and naturally questions arose as to where one authority ended and the other began. The public quite correctly was told of these conflicts of opinion and crisscrosses of authority; but the public having been told little of the good and having seen less of the tremendous constructive efforts, forgot sometimes to realize that defects were incidents only in the building of entirely new and gigantic machinery. To realize what really has been already accomplished one would need a scope of vision superhuman. No one mind could begin to grasp it all. An Army of 1,500,000 already mobilizing for active service, a Navy fully manned, completing the first line of defense, the most gigantic merchant ship building in the world's history now underway, aviation plans on a scale that makes Germany gasp, preparation for supplies aggregating billions, and work on ordnance for billions more, food conservation, Red Cross, a sweeping rearrangement of railroad management, a plan for insuring soldiers and their families; all these and many more projects have been and are being perfected. That's the start; much remains to be done. Let the critics point out flaws and faults still to be corrected, for criticism based on sanity and honest motives is wholesome. But let the critics remember, too, as Americans, that in a few months we have been forced to show the world that popular government and efficiency will go hand in hand. An autocratic power, the yes and no of every question centered in one guiding mind, no doubt secures a certain kind of efficiency with greater ease. But a popular govern- ment, finding both its difficulties and its strength in the working of many independent minds, that popular power inspired by a great self-thinking people is even now challenging the autocrat's efficiency. II. THE NATIONAL ARMY. Take as one example of governmental progress the work for our Army. Perfection? Of course, not. The National Army is still so new that much remains to be worked out. Thousands of local boards have been organized, men having been chosen for these boards in the rush of preparation. So if you have heard of rulings changed, remember that a few months will right these matters as other matters have righted themselves during the few months past. Bear in mind, too, that a right-minded public spirit based on willingness to cooperate will help most of all toward the righting of things. There are, indeed, two wonderful feats already accomplished for the National Army: First. The teaching and training of 27,000 officers in the first officers' camp, the best having been impartially selected. A splendid lot of sane, courageous young men are these officerseven the severest critics of army system and army psychology agree that the officers have been most earnestly trained and have been chosen with the most fearlessly sincere effort to pick impartially only the best men. Second. The building of large cities as cantonments with every view to modern sanitation, health, and hygiene. This making of big cities of about 40,000 men each, is it not noteworthy ? You should see one of them! There are 16 such citiesrising out of the soil. Towns of 40,000 require generations to grow. These cities have sprung up in a few weeks. At one fort, a standard barrack 34 by 140 feet, two stories high, was erected in 1 1/2 hours. Another barrack was completed from pine wood which a week before had been in the form of trees standing 500 miles away in a pine forest. To build the 16 cantonments having 16,000 buildings, 190 mills in all parts of the country shipped within 60 days 500,000,000 feet of lumber, requiring 24,000 freight cars, all in two months. A sidewalk made of this lumber would reach four times around the earth. Roofing tacks alone were shipped by the carload. Three million square feet of screen to keep out the flies and other insects were used. In one cantonment alone 60 miles of road was built. One auditorium is built to hold 3,500 men. Water, light, and power plants were built. The total expense in a few weeks was $150,000,000more than was spent on the Panama Canal in three years. Everything in the camps is so clean, refuse burned daily, quarters immaculate. At those training camps last spring sickness was down to less than one-half of 1 per cent. These figures prove that a man was surer to be in good health in an Army camp than among his friends in the city or on the farm. Never before in history have such efforts been made for the bodily care of soldiers. 3 Besides large quarters and good clean iron beds, trained cooks everywhere, and sanitation perfect, there are extra comforts, amusements, libraries, religious centers, rest rooms for meeting mothers, sisters, and sweethearts, movie theaters, and other attractions to make the men feel "at home." The food allowance is about 48 centsnearly 50 cents a day. That is the same as $3 a day or $21 a week for a family of 6. And I dare say any woman with a family of 6 can feed them well if she has $21 weekly for food alone. In a company of 250 men this allowance goes much further than in a family of 6. The Army's quartermaster department for supplies, clothing, buildings, and transportation is to spend three and one half billions. 'The War Department plans three and one half billion more for ordnance, ammunition, field and coast artillery, and so on. Forty-five million has been allowed for war-risk insurance. For aviation we have an appropriation of $640,000,000, and we have already 10 aviation fields and 8 ground schools, a ground school teaching the workings of aviation preliminary to flying. An aviation field contains about 2 square miles, the camp 2 more. A $1,000,000 aircraft factory is building at one place alone. The greatest aircraft engine in the world, making possible the production of airplanes by the 1,000 while Europe has counted by the hundred, has just been developed. From being completely outclassed by Europe in the air we, the inventors and pioneers in aviation, give promise to participate on a mammoth scale in the battles of the skies. III. (a) THE NAVY. Do you realize that on April 6 there were in the United States Navy 64,680 enlisted men ? Now there are 200,000. The Marine Corps number 30,000, more than double. There are 19 large training camps. Already there are in service nearly three times as many vessels of all types as six months ago. Hundreds of yachts, fishing vessels, fast motor boats and tugs have been taken over and transformed into patrol boats, submarine chasers, and so on. The Atlantic Fleet is doubled. The Navy is seven times as great as in the Spanish War. And then the construction program. It is the largest in history647 vessels ranging from 32,000-ton superdreadnaughts to submarine chasers. Formerly the Government gave at least 18 months for a destroyer, but we expect destroyers now to be ready in a 10-months' period. Six hundred and forty-seven new vessels and plans made to increase shipbuilding facilities. On shore building alone $100,000,000 is now being spent. Better navy yards, new dry docks, immense warehouses and piers. And much of this excellent work is a permanent gain for peace times. You may have read how the Navy Department proceeded to make its collossal investments. Big profits have not been allowed. The funds of the American people come back to them for material spent at prices fixed by the Government To-day, thanks to our Navy, every mile of our vast expanse of seacoast is guarded. III. (b) UNITED STATES SHIPPING BOARD. Closely allied, though in no sense connected with the Navy, is the work of the United States Shipping Board. There were unfortunate delays. Yet work was progressing; and now it is proceeding with marvelous speed. Early in August a great number of steel ships Were requisitioned by the Government. A recent report to the Treasury showed a building program of 433 ships already contracted for; 452 more to be contracted for when funds are available; and 237 more ships under negotiation. These items alone involve nearly one billion dollars. Plans are practically settled for three large fabricating plants to cost $30,000,000. The board is now organizing an operating department and this operating department may have to look after some 1,200 to 1,500 ships. Such figures are almost beyond understanding. A steamship company operating 10 ships is a considerable concern; one with 25 ships is one of the very, very large companies. Now, imagine an operating department with forty or fifty or sixty times 25 shipsand you have one department of the Shipping Board. The enterprise of the board extends to other matters. For instance, on the Great Lakes are many boats which lie idle in winter. The board now contemplates taking some boats through the Welland Canal for use on the ocean. Where boats are too large to go through the locks, it is proposed to cut them in tworight in two-put them together again on the other side of the locks, and fix the ships for the Atlantic. This program involves upward of $100,000,000. With all this, the board is studying plans to cut ocean rates. It may soon cost a great deal less to carry goods to and from Europe. For, bear in mind, the Shipping Board's plans are made not only with a view to immediate needs but also with regard to a great future peace era for American shipping. The German submarines may continue to lurk about for preythe German Government may still be prating to its people of its "wise decision," claiming that the murder of women and children with wholesale terrorism is worth more than the cost of Uncle Sam's enmitybut the Navy safely convoying troops to France has already made the German people dubious, and the American merchant marine goes on calmly in defiance of the German orders to sink vessels, "leaving no trace" of the ships and their human cargo. When peace has come the work of the Shipping Board will live, in the world's greatest merchant marine, in transportation problems solved for the benefit of all America and all Europe alike. For let us not forget that the man upon whom this war was forced is a builder for peace, a lover of honorable peace; of whom can this be said more truly than of America's President, Woodrow Wilson ? IV. THE RAILROADS. Talking about transportation, do you realize what the railroads have been doing since April? Well, five days after war was declared, the chief representatives of all the leading railroads met at Washington and offered First. To lay aside all personal objects for the Government's benefit. Second. To forget competition and seek no gain over any competing railway serving the country. The railroad men realized that their transportation facilities would be taxed to the utmost. There was at once a 20 per cent increase in freight tonnage. Meanwhile passengers traveled; and ordinal freight had to be shipped, too. And when you consider that to-day in Germany, with all its efficiency, a civilian must explain in detail before he can take a railroad trip, while here we are traveling as usual, where and when we please; do you not feel then that you have a right to be proud of America's executive ability, of the organizing power of popular government ? Six hundred and ninety-three railways are coordinated by the railroad war board, with systems aggregating 263,000 miles trackage and employing 1,633,000 people. The wonderful systems of the railroads have always seemed a marvel. Their work in the last six months, however, far, far surpasses all former effort. Consider the new method of using freight cars in common, the pooling of lake coal and lake ore, the new ways of filling cars, so that some carry more than twice the capacity of last year. Cars of sugar, for instance, are loaded to 80,000 pounds, as against 40,000 pounds heretofore. Potato cars carried 200 barrels, as against 125 barrels last year. The railways have reduced unfilled car orders almost 80 per cent. They have saved more than 20,000,000 miles of train service per year by eliminating unnecessary passenger trains. They have supplied the Government with routing charts covering every needed point. Besides they have designed armored cars and hospital cars, not to speak of the organization of nine railroad regiments for use in rehabilitating the railroads in France. Remember what Joffre said, "The battle of the Marne was won by the railways of France." The victory of the Marne that turned Prussianism away from Paris, away from the long sought fifty billion indemnitythat victory, a milestone in the progress of humanitywas won, as the commander of the military admitted by the railroads of France. And what perhaps more than all else will bring the breakdown of Germany? Its railroads those rail- roads, built with cunning ingenuity for one end, the quick transportation of troops to the Russian border and a still quicker stab at the heart of France. These German railroads were not designed to last through so long a war. They were not constructed sufficiently with a view to prolonged industrial strain. And so we hear to-day that transportation is Germany's most serious problem. When its railroads fail, Prussia fails. Here in America, many hundreds of able railroad men, employing one and a half million others, stepped up in the hour of danger and showed what peaceful, industrial America can do, does do, in the war crisis. V. OTHER GOVERNMENT ACTIVITIES. And so passing from the Army and Navy activities on the one hand, to the civilian work on the Shipping Board and on the railroads, one might go on to show what strides have been made in the Red Cross, in the Emergency Construction Office, price control, food conservation, Department of Agriculture, public information, etc. Do you realize that there are thousands and thousands of men in Washington and all over the country giving their services free of charge and paying all their own expenses ? Men whose names you never hear, men who seek neither money nor glory, only service. In the Red Cross much still remains to be done. But let us consider for a moment, instead of the unfinished needs, the work already accomplished. One hundred million dollars raised by private subscription, all extra money given by the people. And those of you who know what it means to raise $1,000 for a church or charity will appreciate what this means a subscription of $100,000,000. Take $1,000, multiply it by 1,000; that's $1,000,000; then multiply that thousandfold effort by one hundred and you have what the Red Cross raised in a few months. Five million members have joined the organization. More than 100,000 men and women are active workers, and within the last few weeks, thanks to American spirit of coordination, private charities and enterprises have been consolidated with the Red Cross as the hub. Hereafter when you come to the theater and see an official film of the American expeditionary forces in France, remember that the picture is shown for the benefit of the American Red Crossthat's one American project exclusively American, for in Europe private parties own the movie rights. Take just one other activity. The promulgation of ideas. The President appointed a Committee on Public Information. This committee, much less a censor than a distributor of news, sees to it that the public learns the facts. It has distributed more than 2,500,000 pamphlets on the war and its causes. And among its many responsibilities this committee has the supervision of the Four Minute Men Division, 9,000 speakers from coast to coast, just one work, the work of one divisional branch under one committee. So you can see at every turn how our country is moving onwardforwardprogress in every direction. VI. HUGE EXPENDITURES. Billions are being spent and with wisdom and discretion. Much of this money will go into work of permanent value. Furthermore, while England has been obliged to borrow abroad we have been more fortunate. All of our money is being spent in this country, as is also the money loaned foreign Governments. The funds are voted by the people for use by the Government and the Government spends the money among the people. For example, in the cantonments alone the payrolls for labor have run as high as $150,000 a week; $150,000 a week for extra wages. Let us remember that it is cheaper in dollars and cents for the American people to win the war than to lose it. And the more wisely we spend the money the more quickly we win the war. Hence let us encourage every move that means quicker progress. So much is still imperfect. Here "red tape" of old systems; there confusion due to the rush of building new systems. How could it be otherwise ? The problems are being solved daily, and will be solved all the more quickly as all of us put our shoulders to the wheel. We might hold back a dollar here or a hundred dollars there, but those who are making the plansand I hope every one here is a good enough American to agree-are decided upon two thoughts: First. That quick preparation and an ample supply of everything will mean an ultimate saving. Second. That the dollars shall not be stinted to give our boys in the Army and Navy all the care and comfort that Uncle Sam can afford. We have doubled their wages; and who will deny a fighting soldier $30 a month? We plan for their insurance and care of the family; and who will deny them that? We owe much to the people who subscribed the first Liberty Loan and made all this tremendous progress. We owe as much to the man who gave his mite of $100 as to the man who could afford to buy $10,000 worth of bonds. I feel as if I should like to shake hands with every man in this audience who has done his bit in subscribing for a Liberty Loan. I would like to show him what he and his money have done in buying comforts for soldiers and in rushing the work in Washington. VII. CONCLUSION. Yes, ladies and gentlemen, we propose to show the efficient German Government that popular government, too, can be efficient. A great people are greater than any merely powerful government. A great people may become "easy-going" while some other Government lays "efficiency" schemes for conquest. But when the hour of danger comes, when the alarm is sounded, when the Stars and Stripes are hoisted amid the roar of the enemy's cannon, then the power of popular government unfolds itself, greater, larger, loftier than all the junkers' efficiency. 6 THREE TYPICAL SPEECHES. Speakers will note that these talks, while quite different in style from the Budget of Material, do not vary either as to statements or denotation from the Budget. There are no digressions from the official material; no comments or attacks not covered in this text are added. Choose one of these three speeches or prepare one of your own from the Budget of Material. TYPICAL SPEECH NO. 1. This speech No. 1 is built on the entire budget of material touching upon the points in the outline, and in order to introduce a few specific facts it uses as illustrations some details from I, viz, the Army, and III (6), viz. Shipping Board. Similar speeches maybe prepared, "backed up" with facts and figures on some one of the other subjects as treated in the budget under II to VI. This talk, written in simple language, is meant as an enthusiastic dramatic address. Yet it avoids abuse. It qualifies; it understates. Overstatement may please the partisan; it never "reaches " the man you are trying to convince. Ladies and Gentlemen : One moment! I want to lay before you some facts from Washingtonnews of things that are being done there. I know you are all interested in that news. What I want to tell you to-night is the story of the stupendous progress our country is making. Yes; I knowthere have been flaws here and there, things have not hitched always. But the errors are incidents, little facts compared with the great big fact that in six months' time our country has built up organizations unparalleled in historya wonderful breathing, seething mass of force! I have here a table of authorized figures given by the Secretary of the Treasury and showing where the Government proposes spending our money. I'll show that table of figures to anyone interested in details; meet me in the lobby after my talk. How could I begin to tell you in four minutes or in a four-day talk all that has been done ? The Army27,000 officers trained in the first officers camp, the best men given commissions impartially. 1,500,000 men being mobilized. Sixteen cantonments cities built overnighta project that meant more money invested in three months than the Panama Canal in three years. And the Navy, now fully manned, three times as big as in April. This speech No. 2 dwells on one selected set of facts. It is designed for a quiet business type of speaker, especially for a man interested in railroads. Similarly a speech may be constructed using the same or a similar introduction and a brief conclusion, while devoting most of the time to some one other subject; e. g., the Red Cross (as given in the budget under VI.) Ladies and Gentlemen: Nine thousand four-minute speakers, from coast to coast, are addressing audiences this week, just as I am addressing you now. They are bringing to you by word of mouth the message of progress at Washington. And the Shipping Board, formerly beset by difficulties, its work progressing and lately with great speed. Early in August a great number of steel ships was requisitioned. A recent report showed 433 ships already contracted for. Plans are practically completed for three fabricating plants, to cost $30,000,000, and there is to be an operating department which may run 1,200 to 1,500 ships. The American flag, ladies and gentlemen, will soon float over a superb merchant marine great in war, setting the enemy submarine at naught, and greater still in a glorious and lasting peace. I wish I could tell you more of the work of the Army and the Navy, the 100,000 people working for the Red Cross, the huge organization of the Railroad Board, the gigantic efforts in every direction. When I first read of the Panama Canal I swelled with pride. And now organization, upbuilding everywhere American speed, American enterprise, American push wherever I turn. Yes, indeed, it makes me proud to be an American. In the expenditure of this money the Government has put the lid on long profits. The old days of huge war profits are past. And remember too that every dollar is being spent in this country. It goes from one pocket right into the other pocket. In our people's Government, ladies and gentlemen, everybody must help. That's the meaning of popular rule. A great people may become " easy going." But when the alarm is sounded, when the Stars and Stripes are hoisted amid the roar of enemy's cannon, then the power of popular government unfolds itselfgreater, larger, loftier than all junker "efficiency." I can give you but a glimpse of the enormous upbuilding of our country: The Army, the Navy, the new wonderful merchant marine, the railroads, the Red Cross, the hundreds of other governmental activities. By way of illustration, I want to tell you of the work in just one linethe railroads. Let us be fair. Let us give credit when credit is due. The fact is that five days after war was declared America's leading railroad men gathered in Washington. They said: TYPICAL SPEECH NO. 2. "We are Americans. Our country is at war. Now let's lay aside all differences between us. Let's all pull together and all with the Government." That's what they said. And that's what they have done. When you take a train to-day, you would not know war was on, would you? You can go where you please, either on business or vacation. Compare this with Germany! There, a man who wants to take a trip must explain. If he wants to ship anything, his Government lets him wait perhaps indefinitely on account of military needs. All other European countries have found to some degree the same railroad difficulties. But here in the United States, with a sudden 20 per cent increase of freight, all runs smoothly. Well, how? First of all the railroads agreed to use each other's cars; instead of shipping empty cars back and forth they devised new methods. The railroads worked out new ways of filling these carswhere 40,000 pounds of sugar, for instance, made up a carload last year, that car holds 80,000 pounds now. Selfish TYPICAL S This speech No. 3 is entirely an appeal. It contains only a half minute's review of the facts in the body of the budget. It is a speech depending for success largely upon the method of presentation, and should be used only by speakers who can get a quick response from an audience. Similar speeches may be prepared by use by either the first or the latter part of the budget only or by excerpts from the general material. Ladies and Gentlemen: Never before in the history of the world has a nation accomplished such feats as the United States of America has accomplished in the last six months. What wonderful deeds already done! The Army, the Navy, our superb new merchant marine, the Red CrossI can not begin to tell you all. Just imagine those 16 Army cantonments16 large cities built almost overnight. Why, this enterprise meant a larger investment in three months than the Panama Canal in three years. Scores of other gigantic undertakingsall in six months. Wonderful! Are you not proud of America's achievements ? Whatever of imperfection we may see in local fields, systems revised, decisions reversed, or new appointments in the first rush replaced by others, the salient overpowering fact is this: We are catching up, ladies and gentlemen, catching up in one year with Germany's 40 years of preparation. Billions are being spent. Much of the money will go into work of permanent value. All of the money competition was eliminated in a hundred ways. Today 693 railways are coordinated, with 263,000 miles of trackage, employing over one and one-half million people. Do you know what Joffre, the military genius of France, said? "The Battle of the Marne," Joffre said, "was won by the railways of France." The military leader gave credit to civilian enterprise. The railroads saved the Marne, saved France, saved the world. Transportation, you see, is all important. Realizing this, America's railroad men did what has been characteristic of Americans in every crisisthey put their shoulders to the wheel. Yes, we must all put our shoulders to the wheel. We must. The crisis is here. And by pulling together we'll prove what popular government can do when the Stars and Stripes are hoisted amid the roar of enemy cannon. We'll prove that not the autocrat's power, but the people's power means efficiency. EECH NO. 3. is being spent in this country. It is voted by the people for use by the Government, and the Government spends the money among the people. Think of it! Last winter the country immersed in peace! In the White House a man of peace, a man of patience, whose every effort it was to keep us honorably out of war, to keep us away even from thoughts of war. Of whom, tell me, can this he said more truly than of America's President, Woodrow Wilson? But peace became impossible. Without warning the German Government announced that all promises were "off"ships to be sunk "without a trace" more American women and children to be killed! So with war unavoidable, our country these past six months went onward, forward. It's only the beginning. Much is still imperfecthow could it be otherwise ? Hence, let us all put our shoulders to the wheel. Everybody herecome and do your bit! Ladies and gentlemen, we propose to showyes, we are showingthe "efficient" German Government that a people's Government, too, can do things. Some say this country is "easy-going." But now that we have been aroused, now with the enemy's cannon ringing in our ears, with the Stars and Stripes hoisted on high, the power of a free people unfolds itselfgreater, larger, loftier than all junker efficiency. Statement of estimated expenditures in 1918 as prepared by the Secretary of the Treasury. Legislative: Senate and House of Representatives___ Library of Congress and Botanic Garden Public printing and binding............. Miscellaneous............................ Total.................................. Executive: Executive Office......................... Bureau of Efficiency..................... Civil Service Commission................ Tariff Commission....................... Miscellaneous............................ Total.................................. State Department: Salaries and expenses.................... Foreign intercourse...................... Permanent appropriations............... Total.................................. Treasury Department: Salaries and expenses.................... Customs service-Regular ............................. Permanent.......................... Internal-Revenue Service-Regular------:........................ Permanent.......................... Public Health Service................... Coast Guard............................. Engraving and Printing................. Independent Treasury................... Mints and assay offices.................. War Risk Insurance Bureau............. Farm Loan Bureau...................... Public buildings, including maintenance Miscellaneous............................ Total.................................. Independent offices: United States Shipping Board........... Interstate Commerce Commission........ Smithsonian Institution................. Federal Trade Commission.............. Federal Board for Vocational Education. Council of National Defense............. Other boards and commissions.......... Total.................................. War Department: Salaries and expenses.................... Quartermaster Corps.................... Ordnance Department................... Medical Department..................... Signal Service, including Aviation....... Engineer Department................... Rivers and harbors...................... National Guard......................... Military Academy....................... Miscellaneous, military.................. Miscellaneous, civil...................... Total.................................. Navy Department: Salaries and expenses.................... Aviation................................ Enlistment, transportation and training. Emergency fund......................... Ordnance................................ Public works............................ Expenses of the fleet..................... Medicine and surgery.................... Pay of the Navy......................... Supplies, fuel, etc........................ Naval Academy......................... Marine Corps............................ Estimated expenditures. $7,000,000.00 740,000.00 7,400,000.00 260,000.00 15,400,000.00 190,000.00 65,000.00 375,000.00 250,000.00 20,000.00 900,000.00 480,000.00 5,420,000.00 100,000.00 6,000,000.00 4,200,000.00 9,955,000.00 17,710,400.00 18,470, 3,052, 3,130, 6,731, 4,728, 650, 1,615, 45,100, 256, 17,825, 2,140, 870.00 600.00 050.00 086.00 400.00 000.00 080.00 000.00 300.00 000.00 000.00 135,564,786.00 799,517,500.00 5,450,000.00 583,000.00 770,000.00 1,700,000.00 500,000.00 900,000.00 809,420, 500.00 9,318,315.41 3, 633,360,930.75 3,154,959,151.00 139,746,547.73 625,000,000.00 289,862,676.06 10,000,000.00 10,992,863.00 7,864,240,483.95 1,994, 51,000, 15,500, 165,550, 261,000, 62,600, 130,000, 6, 700, 124,000, 52,800, 1,000, 35,000, 000.00 000.00 000.00 000.00 000.00 000.00 000.00 000.00 000.00 000.00 000.00 000.00 Navy DepartmentContinued. Naval Militia................ Increase of the Navy........ Miscellaneous................ Total- Interior Department: Salaries and expenses........................... Public Lands Service........................... Reclamation Service............................ Geological Survey.............................. Bureau of Mines................................ Alaskan Railway............................... Colleges for agriculture.......................... Miscellaneous, beneficiaries, national parks, etc. Permanent appropriations...................... Indian Service.................................. Pensions....................................... Total. Post Office Department: Salaries and expenses. Department of Agriculture: Salaries..................... Bureau of Animal Industry. Bureau of Plant Industry... Forest Service.............. States Relations Service___ Weather Bureau............ Bureau of Roads........... Bureau of Markets.......... Food Survey, etc.......... Miscellaneous............... Total . Department of Commerce Salaries and expense-Bureau of Standards. Census Bureau...... Coast Survey........ Lighthouse Service.. Bureau of Fisheries.. Export control....... Miscellaneous......... Estimated expenditures. $2,040,000.00 286,566,000.00 4,250,000.00 1,200,000,000.00 5,320, 2,750, 8,250, 1,500, 1,400, 11,500, 2,500, 2,207, 742, 20,930, 160,000, 000.00 000.00 000.00 000.00 000.00 000.00 000.00 500.00 500.00 000.00 000.00 217,100,000.00 1,762,000.00 5,406,030.09 6,154,456.00 2,752,250.00 5,374,475.00 5,030,000.00 1,551,820.00 7,350,000.00 1,472,745.00 11,450,400.00 4,561,486.00 51,103,712.00 Total. Department of Labor: Salaries and expenses........ Detention of interned aliens. Immigration Service......... Employment Service........ Miscellaneous................ 350,000.00 1,300,000.00 1,400,000.00 1,775,000.00 7,900,000.00 1,350,000.00 734,000.00 2,425,000.00 17,234,000.00 1,228,000.00 745,000.00 3,175,500.00 600,000.00 374,500.00 Total...................................................... 6,123,000.00 Department of Justice: 1,056,170.00 7,921,956.00 1,722,900.00 175,500.00 Total..................................................... 11,776,526.00 District of Columbia: 14,172,000,00 Interest on the public debt, including $40,000,000 for Liberty bonds....................................................... Increase of compensation, revised estimate....................... Food control.................................................... National security and defense.................................... Cost of bond issues.............................................. Claims and judgments........................................... Panama Canal..............................,.................... Retirement of bond notes........................................ 63,454,000.00 15,000,000,00 152,500,000.00 '81,600,000.00 7,000,000.00 1,456,000.00 24,000,000,00 40,000,000.00 Grand total. 10,735,807,007.95 Allotments of $18,400,000 from this appropriation to the several departments and offices are included in their reported expenditures. WASHINGTON : GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1917
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COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC INFORMATION DIVISION OF FOUR MINUTE MEN September 24, 1917. Bulletin No. 16. MINUTE MEN 10 JACKSON PLACE WASHINGTON, D. C. "ONWARD TO VICTORY." Progress of our nation during the first six months of war. For use from September 24, 1917 until further advised. TO ALL POUR MINUTE MEN: As the topic from September 24 until further advised, your central committee has chosen the general theme of America's progress in war preparation. Many times we have wished that we could have each and every one of our Four Minute speakers come to us at the National Capital if only for a few hours' visit; so that you may see the work as it is really "being done; examining first hand the many departmental organizations, systems, and new machinery. Above all I hope you will one of these days come in contact here at headquarters with some of the hundreds and thousands of other earnest workers who, like you in your local work, are devoting themselves with deepest earnestness and quiet zeal to the cause of the country. Every defect is naturally made the subject of comment, while the huge stream of effort running smoothly and gaining momentum daily gets the lesser attention. To call attention to this 99 per cent of efficient effort is the purpose of this bulletin. To arouse public enthusiasm for the organizing power of the American people and to instill faith in the progress we are making, should be during this next period the purpose of each four-minute speech. A Four Minute Speaker appears before the public as an authorized representative of the Government. Each of us should therefore adhere to the subjects and to the manner of approach of these subjects as outlined in the "Budget of Material." Select from the budget that material which is backed by your strongest convictions; then your presentation will be all the more forceful. Extraneous comments, however, gratuitous adjectives and epithets, personal viewpoints of speakers supplementary to those here given, should not be expressed on an occasion when the speaker is publicly announced as a Government representative. Pour Minutes means four minutes, not eight minutes nor five minutes. We suggest that you delay your appearance on the stage until the public has had ample time to read the slide. Then step up. Do not try to read any part of your speech. Plunge into your subject, state in simple language a few salient facts and conclude with a brief and powerful yet not overly dramatic peroration--all in four minutes. wm. Mccormick blair, Director. 123781 2 BUDGET OF MATERIAL. OUTLINE. I. Introduction.Despite flaws the outstanding fact is the wonderful speed with which the American people have organized themselves for war. II. The Army trained more than 27,000 officers in the first officers' camp; has built 16 wonderful cantonments. III. (a) The Navy, now completely manned, is guarding our entire coast. (6) The Shipping Board has started to build the greatest merchant marine in history. IV. The railroads have organized a war board to carry out the most colossal railroad plans ever conceived. V. Other governmental activities.The Red Cross; Food Conservation, Price Control, etc. VI. Effects of huge expenditure. No big war profits. Money kept at home. VII. Conclusion.Popular government is proving more efficient than autocracy. 1. INTRODUCTION. Never before in the history of the world has a nation built up new organizations with such astounding rapidity as the United States of America this year since war was declared. In six months we have shown that the ability to crystalize and develop cooperationin short, the faculty called by business men "executive ability"can be applied to military needs by men trained in the arts of peace as quickly, more quickly, perhaps, in the hour of need than by nations whose study has been war. In that sense, therefore, the period of six months just passed at Washington is not merely historical; it is epochal. No doubt you have read a good deal and heard more of this and that going wrong. All can not run smoothly when the life of a nation is suddenly transformed. Business firms peacefully changing their location or concerns switching from one line of trade to another always are subject to more or less confusion. And occasionally there are men within a large business whose views disagree when faced suddenly by questions for which there are no precedents. But, on the whole, in this national crisis, despite defects, we may say frankly and without boasting that the outstanding fact after six months is America's stupendous progress. Think of it! The country immersed in peace, save for one brief period, throughout nearly 50 years! A man of peace in the presidential chair, a man of patience, whose every effort was to keep us honorably out of war, to keep us away even from thoughts of war. And then, without warning, after repeated assurances to the contrary, comes the announcement of the German Government that all promises are "off," and that not only neutrals on enemy ships, but also unarmed, unoffending neutral ships themselves, ships with American women and children aboard, would be sunk on the high seas deliberately, without warning. It meant war, of course. What else could this mean? Hence, suddenly, in April the work of war preparation began. Money was quickly voted; but there remained the bigger task of building new enterprises, laying the systems and shaping the policies, and the still bigger task of finding the new men for the new positions. Those of us who have seen new business enterprises organized may have a faint idea of the problems that confronted our Government. You have seen factories organized; a few months pass, and a building is up; but years and years go by before the inner workings of that factory are shaped into a great harmonious whole. Railroads have been begun, the rails all laid, but generations of men have passed before some of these railroad enterprises grew into the smooth working organizations you see to-day. In this war preparation years could not wait. Speed was the watchword. Patriotism was the inspiration. True, indeed, many flaws were found. Old systems built on peace activities conflicted with systems that the new order had forced. Men in office found themselves alongside of new men in new offices, and naturally questions arose as to where one authority ended and the other began. The public quite correctly was told of these conflicts of opinion and crisscrosses of authority; but the public having been told little of the good and having seen less of the tremendous constructive efforts, forgot sometimes to realize that defects were incidents only in the building of entirely new and gigantic machinery. To realize what really has been already accomplished one would need a scope of vision superhuman. No one mind could begin to grasp it all. An Army of 1,500,000 already mobilizing for active service, a Navy fully manned, completing the first line of defense, the most gigantic merchant ship building in the world's history now underway, aviation plans on a scale that makes Germany gasp, preparation for supplies aggregating billions, and work on ordnance for billions more, food conservation, Red Cross, a sweeping rearrangement of railroad management, a plan for insuring soldiers and their families; all these and many more projects have been and are being perfected. That's the start; much remains to be done. Let the critics point out flaws and faults still to be corrected, for criticism based on sanity and honest motives is wholesome. But let the critics remember, too, as Americans, that in a few months we have been forced to show the world that popular government and efficiency will go hand in hand. An autocratic power, the yes and no of every question centered in one guiding mind, no doubt secures a certain kind of efficiency with greater ease. But a popular govern- ment, finding both its difficulties and its strength in the working of many independent minds, that popular power inspired by a great self-thinking people is even now challenging the autocrat's efficiency. II. THE NATIONAL ARMY. Take as one example of governmental progress the work for our Army. Perfection? Of course, not. The National Army is still so new that much remains to be worked out. Thousands of local boards have been organized, men having been chosen for these boards in the rush of preparation. So if you have heard of rulings changed, remember that a few months will right these matters as other matters have righted themselves during the few months past. Bear in mind, too, that a right-minded public spirit based on willingness to cooperate will help most of all toward the righting of things. There are, indeed, two wonderful feats already accomplished for the National Army: First. The teaching and training of 27,000 officers in the first officers' camp, the best having been impartially selected. A splendid lot of sane, courageous young men are these officerseven the severest critics of army system and army psychology agree that the officers have been most earnestly trained and have been chosen with the most fearlessly sincere effort to pick impartially only the best men. Second. The building of large cities as cantonments with every view to modern sanitation, health, and hygiene. This making of big cities of about 40,000 men each, is it not noteworthy ? You should see one of them! There are 16 such citiesrising out of the soil. Towns of 40,000 require generations to grow. These cities have sprung up in a few weeks. At one fort, a standard barrack 34 by 140 feet, two stories high, was erected in 1 1/2 hours. Another barrack was completed from pine wood which a week before had been in the form of trees standing 500 miles away in a pine forest. To build the 16 cantonments having 16,000 buildings, 190 mills in all parts of the country shipped within 60 days 500,000,000 feet of lumber, requiring 24,000 freight cars, all in two months. A sidewalk made of this lumber would reach four times around the earth. Roofing tacks alone were shipped by the carload. Three million square feet of screen to keep out the flies and other insects were used. In one cantonment alone 60 miles of road was built. One auditorium is built to hold 3,500 men. Water, light, and power plants were built. The total expense in a few weeks was $150,000,000more than was spent on the Panama Canal in three years. Everything in the camps is so clean, refuse burned daily, quarters immaculate. At those training camps last spring sickness was down to less than one-half of 1 per cent. These figures prove that a man was surer to be in good health in an Army camp than among his friends in the city or on the farm. Never before in history have such efforts been made for the bodily care of soldiers. 3 Besides large quarters and good clean iron beds, trained cooks everywhere, and sanitation perfect, there are extra comforts, amusements, libraries, religious centers, rest rooms for meeting mothers, sisters, and sweethearts, movie theaters, and other attractions to make the men feel "at home." The food allowance is about 48 centsnearly 50 cents a day. That is the same as $3 a day or $21 a week for a family of 6. And I dare say any woman with a family of 6 can feed them well if she has $21 weekly for food alone. In a company of 250 men this allowance goes much further than in a family of 6. The Army's quartermaster department for supplies, clothing, buildings, and transportation is to spend three and one half billions. 'The War Department plans three and one half billion more for ordnance, ammunition, field and coast artillery, and so on. Forty-five million has been allowed for war-risk insurance. For aviation we have an appropriation of $640,000,000, and we have already 10 aviation fields and 8 ground schools, a ground school teaching the workings of aviation preliminary to flying. An aviation field contains about 2 square miles, the camp 2 more. A $1,000,000 aircraft factory is building at one place alone. The greatest aircraft engine in the world, making possible the production of airplanes by the 1,000 while Europe has counted by the hundred, has just been developed. From being completely outclassed by Europe in the air we, the inventors and pioneers in aviation, give promise to participate on a mammoth scale in the battles of the skies. III. (a) THE NAVY. Do you realize that on April 6 there were in the United States Navy 64,680 enlisted men ? Now there are 200,000. The Marine Corps number 30,000, more than double. There are 19 large training camps. Already there are in service nearly three times as many vessels of all types as six months ago. Hundreds of yachts, fishing vessels, fast motor boats and tugs have been taken over and transformed into patrol boats, submarine chasers, and so on. The Atlantic Fleet is doubled. The Navy is seven times as great as in the Spanish War. And then the construction program. It is the largest in history647 vessels ranging from 32,000-ton superdreadnaughts to submarine chasers. Formerly the Government gave at least 18 months for a destroyer, but we expect destroyers now to be ready in a 10-months' period. Six hundred and forty-seven new vessels and plans made to increase shipbuilding facilities. On shore building alone $100,000,000 is now being spent. Better navy yards, new dry docks, immense warehouses and piers. And much of this excellent work is a permanent gain for peace times. You may have read how the Navy Department proceeded to make its collossal investments. Big profits have not been allowed. The funds of the American people come back to them for material spent at prices fixed by the Government To-day, thanks to our Navy, every mile of our vast expanse of seacoast is guarded. III. (b) UNITED STATES SHIPPING BOARD. Closely allied, though in no sense connected with the Navy, is the work of the United States Shipping Board. There were unfortunate delays. Yet work was progressing; and now it is proceeding with marvelous speed. Early in August a great number of steel ships Were requisitioned by the Government. A recent report to the Treasury showed a building program of 433 ships already contracted for; 452 more to be contracted for when funds are available; and 237 more ships under negotiation. These items alone involve nearly one billion dollars. Plans are practically settled for three large fabricating plants to cost $30,000,000. The board is now organizing an operating department and this operating department may have to look after some 1,200 to 1,500 ships. Such figures are almost beyond understanding. A steamship company operating 10 ships is a considerable concern; one with 25 ships is one of the very, very large companies. Now, imagine an operating department with forty or fifty or sixty times 25 shipsand you have one department of the Shipping Board. The enterprise of the board extends to other matters. For instance, on the Great Lakes are many boats which lie idle in winter. The board now contemplates taking some boats through the Welland Canal for use on the ocean. Where boats are too large to go through the locks, it is proposed to cut them in tworight in two-put them together again on the other side of the locks, and fix the ships for the Atlantic. This program involves upward of $100,000,000. With all this, the board is studying plans to cut ocean rates. It may soon cost a great deal less to carry goods to and from Europe. For, bear in mind, the Shipping Board's plans are made not only with a view to immediate needs but also with regard to a great future peace era for American shipping. The German submarines may continue to lurk about for preythe German Government may still be prating to its people of its "wise decision," claiming that the murder of women and children with wholesale terrorism is worth more than the cost of Uncle Sam's enmitybut the Navy safely convoying troops to France has already made the German people dubious, and the American merchant marine goes on calmly in defiance of the German orders to sink vessels, "leaving no trace" of the ships and their human cargo. When peace has come the work of the Shipping Board will live, in the world's greatest merchant marine, in transportation problems solved for the benefit of all America and all Europe alike. For let us not forget that the man upon whom this war was forced is a builder for peace, a lover of honorable peace; of whom can this be said more truly than of America's President, Woodrow Wilson ? IV. THE RAILROADS. Talking about transportation, do you realize what the railroads have been doing since April? Well, five days after war was declared, the chief representatives of all the leading railroads met at Washington and offered First. To lay aside all personal objects for the Government's benefit. Second. To forget competition and seek no gain over any competing railway serving the country. The railroad men realized that their transportation facilities would be taxed to the utmost. There was at once a 20 per cent increase in freight tonnage. Meanwhile passengers traveled; and ordinal freight had to be shipped, too. And when you consider that to-day in Germany, with all its efficiency, a civilian must explain in detail before he can take a railroad trip, while here we are traveling as usual, where and when we please; do you not feel then that you have a right to be proud of America's executive ability, of the organizing power of popular government ? Six hundred and ninety-three railways are coordinated by the railroad war board, with systems aggregating 263,000 miles trackage and employing 1,633,000 people. The wonderful systems of the railroads have always seemed a marvel. Their work in the last six months, however, far, far surpasses all former effort. Consider the new method of using freight cars in common, the pooling of lake coal and lake ore, the new ways of filling cars, so that some carry more than twice the capacity of last year. Cars of sugar, for instance, are loaded to 80,000 pounds, as against 40,000 pounds heretofore. Potato cars carried 200 barrels, as against 125 barrels last year. The railways have reduced unfilled car orders almost 80 per cent. They have saved more than 20,000,000 miles of train service per year by eliminating unnecessary passenger trains. They have supplied the Government with routing charts covering every needed point. Besides they have designed armored cars and hospital cars, not to speak of the organization of nine railroad regiments for use in rehabilitating the railroads in France. Remember what Joffre said, "The battle of the Marne was won by the railways of France." The victory of the Marne that turned Prussianism away from Paris, away from the long sought fifty billion indemnitythat victory, a milestone in the progress of humanitywas won, as the commander of the military admitted by the railroads of France. And what perhaps more than all else will bring the breakdown of Germany? Its railroads those rail- roads, built with cunning ingenuity for one end, the quick transportation of troops to the Russian border and a still quicker stab at the heart of France. These German railroads were not designed to last through so long a war. They were not constructed sufficiently with a view to prolonged industrial strain. And so we hear to-day that transportation is Germany's most serious problem. When its railroads fail, Prussia fails. Here in America, many hundreds of able railroad men, employing one and a half million others, stepped up in the hour of danger and showed what peaceful, industrial America can do, does do, in the war crisis. V. OTHER GOVERNMENT ACTIVITIES. And so passing from the Army and Navy activities on the one hand, to the civilian work on the Shipping Board and on the railroads, one might go on to show what strides have been made in the Red Cross, in the Emergency Construction Office, price control, food conservation, Department of Agriculture, public information, etc. Do you realize that there are thousands and thousands of men in Washington and all over the country giving their services free of charge and paying all their own expenses ? Men whose names you never hear, men who seek neither money nor glory, only service. In the Red Cross much still remains to be done. But let us consider for a moment, instead of the unfinished needs, the work already accomplished. One hundred million dollars raised by private subscription, all extra money given by the people. And those of you who know what it means to raise $1,000 for a church or charity will appreciate what this means a subscription of $100,000,000. Take $1,000, multiply it by 1,000; that's $1,000,000; then multiply that thousandfold effort by one hundred and you have what the Red Cross raised in a few months. Five million members have joined the organization. More than 100,000 men and women are active workers, and within the last few weeks, thanks to American spirit of coordination, private charities and enterprises have been consolidated with the Red Cross as the hub. Hereafter when you come to the theater and see an official film of the American expeditionary forces in France, remember that the picture is shown for the benefit of the American Red Crossthat's one American project exclusively American, for in Europe private parties own the movie rights. Take just one other activity. The promulgation of ideas. The President appointed a Committee on Public Information. This committee, much less a censor than a distributor of news, sees to it that the public learns the facts. It has distributed more than 2,500,000 pamphlets on the war and its causes. And among its many responsibilities this committee has the supervision of the Four Minute Men Division, 9,000 speakers from coast to coast, just one work, the work of one divisional branch under one committee. So you can see at every turn how our country is moving onwardforwardprogress in every direction. VI. HUGE EXPENDITURES. Billions are being spent and with wisdom and discretion. Much of this money will go into work of permanent value. Furthermore, while England has been obliged to borrow abroad we have been more fortunate. All of our money is being spent in this country, as is also the money loaned foreign Governments. The funds are voted by the people for use by the Government and the Government spends the money among the people. For example, in the cantonments alone the payrolls for labor have run as high as $150,000 a week; $150,000 a week for extra wages. Let us remember that it is cheaper in dollars and cents for the American people to win the war than to lose it. And the more wisely we spend the money the more quickly we win the war. Hence let us encourage every move that means quicker progress. So much is still imperfect. Here "red tape" of old systems; there confusion due to the rush of building new systems. How could it be otherwise ? The problems are being solved daily, and will be solved all the more quickly as all of us put our shoulders to the wheel. We might hold back a dollar here or a hundred dollars there, but those who are making the plansand I hope every one here is a good enough American to agree-are decided upon two thoughts: First. That quick preparation and an ample supply of everything will mean an ultimate saving. Second. That the dollars shall not be stinted to give our boys in the Army and Navy all the care and comfort that Uncle Sam can afford. We have doubled their wages; and who will deny a fighting soldier $30 a month? We plan for their insurance and care of the family; and who will deny them that? We owe much to the people who subscribed the first Liberty Loan and made all this tremendous progress. We owe as much to the man who gave his mite of $100 as to the man who could afford to buy $10,000 worth of bonds. I feel as if I should like to shake hands with every man in this audience who has done his bit in subscribing for a Liberty Loan. I would like to show him what he and his money have done in buying comforts for soldiers and in rushing the work in Washington. VII. CONCLUSION. Yes, ladies and gentlemen, we propose to show the efficient German Government that popular government, too, can be efficient. A great people are greater than any merely powerful government. A great people may become "easy-going" while some other Government lays "efficiency" schemes for conquest. But when the hour of danger comes, when the alarm is sounded, when the Stars and Stripes are hoisted amid the roar of the enemy's cannon, then the power of popular government unfolds itself, greater, larger, loftier than all the junkers' efficiency. 6 THREE TYPICAL SPEECHES. Speakers will note that these talks, while quite different in style from the Budget of Material, do not vary either as to statements or denotation from the Budget. There are no digressions from the official material; no comments or attacks not covered in this text are added. Choose one of these three speeches or prepare one of your own from the Budget of Material. TYPICAL SPEECH NO. 1. This speech No. 1 is built on the entire budget of material touching upon the points in the outline, and in order to introduce a few specific facts it uses as illustrations some details from I, viz, the Army, and III (6), viz. Shipping Board. Similar speeches maybe prepared, "backed up" with facts and figures on some one of the other subjects as treated in the budget under II to VI. This talk, written in simple language, is meant as an enthusiastic dramatic address. Yet it avoids abuse. It qualifies; it understates. Overstatement may please the partisan; it never "reaches " the man you are trying to convince. Ladies and Gentlemen : One moment! I want to lay before you some facts from Washingtonnews of things that are being done there. I know you are all interested in that news. What I want to tell you to-night is the story of the stupendous progress our country is making. Yes; I knowthere have been flaws here and there, things have not hitched always. But the errors are incidents, little facts compared with the great big fact that in six months' time our country has built up organizations unparalleled in historya wonderful breathing, seething mass of force! I have here a table of authorized figures given by the Secretary of the Treasury and showing where the Government proposes spending our money. I'll show that table of figures to anyone interested in details; meet me in the lobby after my talk. How could I begin to tell you in four minutes or in a four-day talk all that has been done ? The Army27,000 officers trained in the first officers camp, the best men given commissions impartially. 1,500,000 men being mobilized. Sixteen cantonments cities built overnighta project that meant more money invested in three months than the Panama Canal in three years. And the Navy, now fully manned, three times as big as in April. This speech No. 2 dwells on one selected set of facts. It is designed for a quiet business type of speaker, especially for a man interested in railroads. Similarly a speech may be constructed using the same or a similar introduction and a brief conclusion, while devoting most of the time to some one other subject; e. g., the Red Cross (as given in the budget under VI.) Ladies and Gentlemen: Nine thousand four-minute speakers, from coast to coast, are addressing audiences this week, just as I am addressing you now. They are bringing to you by word of mouth the message of progress at Washington. And the Shipping Board, formerly beset by difficulties, its work progressing and lately with great speed. Early in August a great number of steel ships was requisitioned. A recent report showed 433 ships already contracted for. Plans are practically completed for three fabricating plants, to cost $30,000,000, and there is to be an operating department which may run 1,200 to 1,500 ships. The American flag, ladies and gentlemen, will soon float over a superb merchant marine great in war, setting the enemy submarine at naught, and greater still in a glorious and lasting peace. I wish I could tell you more of the work of the Army and the Navy, the 100,000 people working for the Red Cross, the huge organization of the Railroad Board, the gigantic efforts in every direction. When I first read of the Panama Canal I swelled with pride. And now organization, upbuilding everywhere American speed, American enterprise, American push wherever I turn. Yes, indeed, it makes me proud to be an American. In the expenditure of this money the Government has put the lid on long profits. The old days of huge war profits are past. And remember too that every dollar is being spent in this country. It goes from one pocket right into the other pocket. In our people's Government, ladies and gentlemen, everybody must help. That's the meaning of popular rule. A great people may become " easy going." But when the alarm is sounded, when the Stars and Stripes are hoisted amid the roar of enemy's cannon, then the power of popular government unfolds itselfgreater, larger, loftier than all junker "efficiency." I can give you but a glimpse of the enormous upbuilding of our country: The Army, the Navy, the new wonderful merchant marine, the railroads, the Red Cross, the hundreds of other governmental activities. By way of illustration, I want to tell you of the work in just one linethe railroads. Let us be fair. Let us give credit when credit is due. The fact is that five days after war was declared America's leading railroad men gathered in Washington. They said: TYPICAL SPEECH NO. 2. "We are Americans. Our country is at war. Now let's lay aside all differences between us. Let's all pull together and all with the Government." That's what they said. And that's what they have done. When you take a train to-day, you would not know war was on, would you? You can go where you please, either on business or vacation. Compare this with Germany! There, a man who wants to take a trip must explain. If he wants to ship anything, his Government lets him wait perhaps indefinitely on account of military needs. All other European countries have found to some degree the same railroad difficulties. But here in the United States, with a sudden 20 per cent increase of freight, all runs smoothly. Well, how? First of all the railroads agreed to use each other's cars; instead of shipping empty cars back and forth they devised new methods. The railroads worked out new ways of filling these carswhere 40,000 pounds of sugar, for instance, made up a carload last year, that car holds 80,000 pounds now. Selfish TYPICAL S This speech No. 3 is entirely an appeal. It contains only a half minute's review of the facts in the body of the budget. It is a speech depending for success largely upon the method of presentation, and should be used only by speakers who can get a quick response from an audience. Similar speeches may be prepared by use by either the first or the latter part of the budget only or by excerpts from the general material. Ladies and Gentlemen: Never before in the history of the world has a nation accomplished such feats as the United States of America has accomplished in the last six months. What wonderful deeds already done! The Army, the Navy, our superb new merchant marine, the Red CrossI can not begin to tell you all. Just imagine those 16 Army cantonments16 large cities built almost overnight. Why, this enterprise meant a larger investment in three months than the Panama Canal in three years. Scores of other gigantic undertakingsall in six months. Wonderful! Are you not proud of America's achievements ? Whatever of imperfection we may see in local fields, systems revised, decisions reversed, or new appointments in the first rush replaced by others, the salient overpowering fact is this: We are catching up, ladies and gentlemen, catching up in one year with Germany's 40 years of preparation. Billions are being spent. Much of the money will go into work of permanent value. All of the money competition was eliminated in a hundred ways. Today 693 railways are coordinated, with 263,000 miles of trackage, employing over one and one-half million people. Do you know what Joffre, the military genius of France, said? "The Battle of the Marne," Joffre said, "was won by the railways of France." The military leader gave credit to civilian enterprise. The railroads saved the Marne, saved France, saved the world. Transportation, you see, is all important. Realizing this, America's railroad men did what has been characteristic of Americans in every crisisthey put their shoulders to the wheel. Yes, we must all put our shoulders to the wheel. We must. The crisis is here. And by pulling together we'll prove what popular government can do when the Stars and Stripes are hoisted amid the roar of enemy cannon. We'll prove that not the autocrat's power, but the people's power means efficiency. EECH NO. 3. is being spent in this country. It is voted by the people for use by the Government, and the Government spends the money among the people. Think of it! Last winter the country immersed in peace! In the White House a man of peace, a man of patience, whose every effort it was to keep us honorably out of war, to keep us away even from thoughts of war. Of whom, tell me, can this he said more truly than of America's President, Woodrow Wilson? But peace became impossible. Without warning the German Government announced that all promises were "off"ships to be sunk "without a trace" more American women and children to be killed! So with war unavoidable, our country these past six months went onward, forward. It's only the beginning. Much is still imperfecthow could it be otherwise ? Hence, let us all put our shoulders to the wheel. Everybody herecome and do your bit! Ladies and gentlemen, we propose to showyes, we are showingthe "efficient" German Government that a people's Government, too, can do things. Some say this country is "easy-going." But now that we have been aroused, now with the enemy's cannon ringing in our ears, with the Stars and Stripes hoisted on high, the power of a free people unfolds itselfgreater, larger, loftier than all junker efficiency. Statement of estimated expenditures in 1918 as prepared by the Secretary of the Treasury. Legislative: Senate and House of Representatives___ Library of Congress and Botanic Garden Public printing and binding............. Miscellaneous............................ Total.................................. Executive: Executive Office......................... Bureau of Efficiency..................... Civil Service Commission................ Tariff Commission....................... Miscellaneous............................ Total.................................. State Department: Salaries and expenses.................... Foreign intercourse...................... Permanent appropriations............... Total.................................. Treasury Department: Salaries and expenses.................... Customs service-Regular ............................. Permanent.......................... Internal-Revenue Service-Regular------:........................ Permanent.......................... Public Health Service................... Coast Guard............................. Engraving and Printing................. Independent Treasury................... Mints and assay offices.................. War Risk Insurance Bureau............. Farm Loan Bureau...................... Public buildings, including maintenance Miscellaneous............................ Total.................................. Independent offices: United States Shipping Board........... Interstate Commerce Commission........ Smithsonian Institution................. Federal Trade Commission.............. Federal Board for Vocational Education. Council of National Defense............. Other boards and commissions.......... Total.................................. War Department: Salaries and expenses.................... Quartermaster Corps.................... Ordnance Department................... Medical Department..................... Signal Service, including Aviation....... Engineer Department................... Rivers and harbors...................... National Guard......................... Military Academy....................... Miscellaneous, military.................. Miscellaneous, civil...................... Total.................................. Navy Department: Salaries and expenses.................... Aviation................................ Enlistment, transportation and training. Emergency fund......................... Ordnance................................ Public works............................ Expenses of the fleet..................... Medicine and surgery.................... Pay of the Navy......................... Supplies, fuel, etc........................ Naval Academy......................... Marine Corps............................ Estimated expenditures. $7,000,000.00 740,000.00 7,400,000.00 260,000.00 15,400,000.00 190,000.00 65,000.00 375,000.00 250,000.00 20,000.00 900,000.00 480,000.00 5,420,000.00 100,000.00 6,000,000.00 4,200,000.00 9,955,000.00 17,710,400.00 18,470, 3,052, 3,130, 6,731, 4,728, 650, 1,615, 45,100, 256, 17,825, 2,140, 870.00 600.00 050.00 086.00 400.00 000.00 080.00 000.00 300.00 000.00 000.00 135,564,786.00 799,517,500.00 5,450,000.00 583,000.00 770,000.00 1,700,000.00 500,000.00 900,000.00 809,420, 500.00 9,318,315.41 3, 633,360,930.75 3,154,959,151.00 139,746,547.73 625,000,000.00 289,862,676.06 10,000,000.00 10,992,863.00 7,864,240,483.95 1,994, 51,000, 15,500, 165,550, 261,000, 62,600, 130,000, 6, 700, 124,000, 52,800, 1,000, 35,000, 000.00 000.00 000.00 000.00 000.00 000.00 000.00 000.00 000.00 000.00 000.00 000.00 Navy DepartmentContinued. Naval Militia................ Increase of the Navy........ Miscellaneous................ Total- Interior Department: Salaries and expenses........................... Public Lands Service........................... Reclamation Service............................ Geological Survey.............................. Bureau of Mines................................ Alaskan Railway............................... Colleges for agriculture.......................... Miscellaneous, beneficiaries, national parks, etc. Permanent appropriations...................... Indian Service.................................. Pensions....................................... Total. Post Office Department: Salaries and expenses. Department of Agriculture: Salaries..................... Bureau of Animal Industry. Bureau of Plant Industry... Forest Service.............. States Relations Service___ Weather Bureau............ Bureau of Roads........... Bureau of Markets.......... Food Survey, etc.......... Miscellaneous............... Total . Department of Commerce Salaries and expense-Bureau of Standards. Census Bureau...... Coast Survey........ Lighthouse Service.. Bureau of Fisheries.. Export control....... Miscellaneous......... Estimated expenditures. $2,040,000.00 286,566,000.00 4,250,000.00 1,200,000,000.00 5,320, 2,750, 8,250, 1,500, 1,400, 11,500, 2,500, 2,207, 742, 20,930, 160,000, 000.00 000.00 000.00 000.00 000.00 000.00 000.00 500.00 500.00 000.00 000.00 217,100,000.00 1,762,000.00 5,406,030.09 6,154,456.00 2,752,250.00 5,374,475.00 5,030,000.00 1,551,820.00 7,350,000.00 1,472,745.00 11,450,400.00 4,561,486.00 51,103,712.00 Total. Department of Labor: Salaries and expenses........ Detention of interned aliens. Immigration Service......... Employment Service........ Miscellaneous................ 350,000.00 1,300,000.00 1,400,000.00 1,775,000.00 7,900,000.00 1,350,000.00 734,000.00 2,425,000.00 17,234,000.00 1,228,000.00 745,000.00 3,175,500.00 600,000.00 374,500.00 Total...................................................... 6,123,000.00 Department of Justice: 1,056,170.00 7,921,956.00 1,722,900.00 175,500.00 Total..................................................... 11,776,526.00 District of Columbia: 14,172,000,00 Interest on the public debt, including $40,000,000 for Liberty bonds....................................................... Increase of compensation, revised estimate....................... Food control.................................................... National security and defense.................................... Cost of bond issues.............................................. Claims and judgments........................................... Panama Canal..............................,.................... Retirement of bond notes........................................ 63,454,000.00 15,000,000,00 152,500,000.00 '81,600,000.00 7,000,000.00 1,456,000.00 24,000,000,00 40,000,000.00 Grand total. 10,735,807,007.95 Allotments of $18,400,000 from this appropriation to the several departments and offices are included in their reported expenditures. WASHINGTON : GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1917
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